Reverse Stock Split

On May 16, 2016, our board of directors approved a reverse stock split on a 1 for 33 basis, in our authorized common stock, along with a corresponding and proportional decrease in the number of shares of our common stock issued and outstanding. This reduction was filed with the Nevada Secretary of State on May 18, 2016, but required a review by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”) before becoming effective in the market. On May 31, 2016, FINRA announced that this change took effect in the over-the-counter securities markets on June 1, 2016.

All share information provided herein reflects the effect of the reverse stock split for all periods presented.

Public Offering

On November 7, 2016, the Company closed its public offering of an aggregate of 2,424,242 units, consisting of (i) 484,849 units, consisting of one share of Convertible Series B Preferred Stock and a Class A Warrant to purchase one share of common stock and (ii) 1,939,393 units consisting of one share of Convertible Series B Preferred Stock and a Class B Warrant to purchase one share of common stock, at a public offering price of $4.125 per unit (the “Public Offering”). At closing, the Company issued $10 million of units and received $8.97 million in cash, which is net of $530,000 in underwriting and related fees as well as proceeds from the Further APA Notes of $500,000, which automatically converted into units of the Public Offering on a one-for-one basis.

The Company assessed the Public Offering warrants as meeting the criteria for equity classification and allocated the proceeds based on the relative fair values of the base instruments (the Series B preferred stock and the warrants). The Company obtained a valuation of the Series B preferred stock and associated warrants, which indicated values of $5.23 and $3.45, respectively.

The Company determined that the embedded conversion feature of the Series B preferred stock included more equity-like features than debt-like features and, therefore, concluded that the conversion feature should not be bifurcated and accounted for separately.

In addition, the Company evaluated the conversion feature of the Series B preferred stock to assess whether it met the definition of a beneficial conversion feature (“BCF”). The initial conversion price per share for each share of Series B preferred stock is equal to $4 per share and the exercise price of the warrant is equal to $4.00 per share. As the fair value of a share of common stock of $4.15 exceeded the effective conversion price of $2.485 at the issuance date, the Series B preferred stock contained a BCF. The total intrinsic value of the BCF of $4,035,260 was recorded as a discount to the preferred stock and a credit to additional paid in capital. Because the Series B preferred stock has no redemption date and is immediately convertible, the BCF was immediately accreted.

Common Stock

Each share of common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a vote of the Company’s stockholders. Common stockholders are entitled to dividends when and if declared by the Board of Directors. In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company, the holders of common stock are entitled to share ratably in the assets of the Company available for distribution.

On September 30, 2015, the Company filed an Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada to increase the authorized shares of common stock of the Company and change the par value per share of common stock (the “Amendment”). The Amendment authorizes the Company to issue 45,454,546 shares of Common Stock and changes the par value to $0.001 per share. Prior periods have been reclassified to reflect the change in the par value per share to conform to the presentation in the present period.

In December 2015, approximately 333,000 shares of new common stock were issued to Dr. Genkin and Mr. Surkhov, individuals associated with Pharmsynthez and Kevelt and inventors of a provisional patent transferred in connection with the APA. As a result, the Company recorded approximately $3.74 million, the fair value of the proportional consideration provided, as a prepayment within current assets on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015.

On April 29, 2016, the Company closed on the APA with an effective date of April 27, 2016, acquiring in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) related to certain intellectual property rights with respect to the immunomodulator product XBIO-101 held by Kevelt including the grant of the worldwide right to develop, market and license XBIO-101 for certain uses. In connection with the closing of the APA, the Company issued 3.05 million shares of its common stock to Pharmsynthez and, because there was no alternative use for the IPR&D, the Company recognized $39.5 million of expense based on the fair value of XBIO-101 IP received, which was determined to be more reliably measured than the related equity consideration. Included in the $39.5 million expense was the $3.74 million prepayment recorded in 2015.

On September 15, 2016, the Company issued 211,486 shares of common stock to Serum in exchange for $750,000 of research and development (“R&D”) and clinical PSA supply as well as settlement of approximately $163,000 of prior purchases of PSA supply. Serum is a related party and the share transaction was approved by the Company’s Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2016, Serum’s share ownership of the Company was approximately 7.5%.

On September 23, 2016, SynBio, one of our largest shareholders, exchanged 970,000 shares of common stock in the Company for an equal number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock.

As of December 31, 2016, holders of Series B convertible preferred stock had converted 118,500 shares into the same number of shares of common stock.

Series A Preferred Stock

As approved by the Company’s Board of Directors, the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada a Certificate of Designation of Series A Preferred Stock and subsequently filed an Amended and Restated Certificate of Designation of Series A Preferred Stock (the “Amended Series A Certificate of Designation”) on October 27, 2016. Pursuant to the Amended Series A Certificate of Designation, the Company designated 1,000,000 shares as Series A preferred stock. Each share of Series A preferred stock has a par value of $0.001 and stated value of $4.80.

The following is a summary of the material terms of the Series A preferred stock. For more information, please refer to the form of amended and restated certificate of designation of Series A preferred stock filed as an exhibit to the Registrant’s registration statement filed on Form S-1/A on October 31, 2016.

Liquidation.    Upon any dissolution, liquidation or winding up, whether voluntary or involuntary, holders of Series A preferred stock will be entitled to receive distributions out of our assets, of an amount equal to $4.80 per share of Series A preferred stock (as adjusted for stock splits, combinations, reorganizations and the like) plus any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon before any distributions shall be made on the common stock or any series of preferred stock ranked junior to the Series A preferred stock.

Dividends.    Holders of the Series A preferred stock are entitled to receive a non-cumulative, annual cash dividend of $0.24 per share of Series A Preferred Stock, when and if declared by our Board, out of our assets legally available therefore. Dividends shall not be cumulative. No dividends or other distribution will be made on the common stock or any series of preferred stock ranked junior to the Series A preferred stock unless the dividend on the Series A Preferred Stock has been paid current and a reserve has been made for the next calendar year.

Conversion.    Each share of Series A preferred stock is convertible, at any time and from time to time at the option of the holder thereof, with a minimum of 61 days’ advance notice to the Company, into one share of common stock.

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits.    If we pay a stock dividend or otherwise make a distribution payable in shares of common stock on shares of common stock or any other common stock equivalents, subdivide or combine outstanding common stock, or reclassify common stock, the conversion rate will be adjusted to match the conversion rate immediately before such event.

Fundamental Transaction.    If we effect a reorganization, undergo a change in control event, or enter into any plan or arrangement contemplating our dissolution, then upon any subsequent conversion of Series A preferred stock, the holder thereof shall have the right to receive, for each share of common stock that would have been issuable upon such conversion immediately prior to the occurrence of such transaction, the number of shares of the successor's or acquiring corporation's common stock or of our common stock, if we are the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration receivable as a result of such transaction by a holder of the number of shares of common stock into which Series A preferred stock is convertible immediately prior to such transaction. A change in control event means a sale of all or substantially all of our assets or an acquisition of the Company by another entity by means of any transaction or series of related transactions (including, without limitation, a reorganization, consolidated or merger) that results in the transfer of fifty percent (50%) or more of the outstanding voting power of the Company.

Voting Rights.    Except as otherwise provided in the Series A Preferred Stock amended and restated certificate of designation or required by law, the Series A Preferred Stock has no voting rights. The holders of Series A Preferred Stock have voting rights as to proposals that specifically affect their shares by law, in which they will vote separately and the vote necessary to approve such proposals will be as set by law.

Fractional Shares.    No fractional shares of common stock will be issued upon conversion of Series A preferred stock. Rather, we shall round up to the next whole share.

Redemption. At any time after December 31, 2016, upon 30 days prior written notice, we may require the holder of any Series A Preferred Stock to convert any or all of such holder’s Series A preferred stock to common stock at a rate of one share of Series A Preferred Stock to one share of common stock.

As of December 31, 2016, there were 970,000 shares of Series A preferred stock issued and outstanding which are convertible into the same number of shares of common stock.

Series B Preferred Stock

In connection with the Public Offering and as approved by the Company’s Board of Directors, the Company filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada a Certificate of Designation of Series B Preferred Stock and subsequently filed an Amended and Restated Certificate of Designation of Series B Preferred Stock (the “Amended Series A Certificate of Designation”) October 27, 2016. Pursuant to the Amended Series B Certificate of Designation, the Company designated 2,500,000 shares as Series B preferred stock. Each share of Series B preferred stock has a stated value of $4.00 per share.

The following is a summary of the anticipated material terms of our Series B Preferred Stock.

Liquidation.    Upon any dissolution, liquidation or winding up, whether voluntary or involuntary, holders of Series B Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive distributions out of our assets, of an amount equal to $4.00 per share of Series B Preferred Stock (as adjusted for stock splits, combinations, reorganizations and the like) plus any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon and any other fees or liquidated damages then due and owing thereon under the amended and restated certificate of designation before any distributions shall be made on the common stock or any series of preferred stock ranked junior to the Series B Preferred Stock, which includes Series A Preferred Stock. A fundamental transaction or change of control under the amended and restated certificate of designation shall constitute a liquidation for purposes of this right. We will give each holder of Series B Preferred Stock written notice of any liquidation at least 30 days before any meeting of stockholders to approve such liquidation or at least 45 days before the date of such liquidation if no meeting is to be held.

Dividends.    Subject to any preferential rights of any outstanding series of preferred stock created by our Board from time to time, the holders of shares of our Series B Preferred Stock will be entitled to such cash dividends, non-cumulative, as may be declared from time to time by our Board on shares of our common stock (on an as-converted basis) from funds available therefore.

Conversion.    Each share of Series B Preferred Stock is convertible, at any time and from time to time at the option of the holder thereof, into one share of common stock, subject to the adjustments described below.

Stock Dividends and Stock Splits.    If we pay a stock dividend or otherwise make a distribution payable in shares of common stock on shares of common stock or any other common stock equivalents, subdivide or combine outstanding common stock, or reclassify common stock, the conversion rate will be adjusted to match the conversion rate immediately before such event.

Fundamental Transaction.    If we effect a reorganization, undergo a change in control event, or enter into any plan or arrangement contemplating our dissolution, then upon any subsequent conversion of Series B preferred stock, the holder thereof shall have the right to receive, for each share of common stock that would have been issuable upon such conversion immediately prior to the occurrence of such transaction, the number of shares of the successor's or acquiring corporation's common stock or of our common stock, if we are the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration receivable as a result of such transaction by a holder of the number of shares of common stock into which Series A preferred stock is convertible immediately prior to such transaction. A change in control event means a sale of all or substantially all of our assets or an acquisition of the Company by another entity by means of any transaction or series of related transactions (including, without limitation, a reorganization, consolidated or merger) that results in the transfer of thirty-three percent (33%) or more of the outstanding voting power of the Company, with the exception of acquisition of additional voting capital stock by Pharmsynthez or its affiliates.

Subsequent Equity Sales.    The Series B Preferred Stock has full ratchet price based anti-dilution protection, subject to shareholder approval and customary carve outs, in the event of a down-round financing at a price per share below the stated value of the Series B Preferred Stock.

Voting Rights.    Except as otherwise provided in the Series B Preferred Stock second amended and restated certificate of designation or required by law, the Series B Preferred Stock has no voting rights. However, as long as any Series B Preferred Stock remains outstanding, the amended and restated certificate of designation provides that we shall not, without the affirmative vote of all then-outstanding Series B Preferred Stock, (a) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series B Preferred Stock or alter or amend the certificate of designation, (b) authorize or create any class of stock ranking as to dividends, redemption or distribution of assets upon a liquidation senior to, or otherwise pari passu with, the Series B Preferred Stock, (c) amend its certificate of incorporation or other charter documents in any manner that adversely affects any rights of the holders of Series B Preferred Stock, (d) increase the number of authorized shares of Series B Preferred Stock, or (e) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing. The holders of Series B Preferred Stock have voting rights as to proposals that specifically affect their shares by law, in which they will vote separately and the vote necessary to approve such proposals will be as set by law.

Fractional Shares.    No fractional shares of common stock will be issued upon conversion of Series B Preferred Stock. Rather, we shall, at our election, round up to the next whole share or pay a cash adjustment.

Pursuant to the Public Offering, the Company issued 2,242,424 shares of Series B preferred stock. Since its issuance on November 7, 2016, holders of Series B preferred stock converted 118,500 shares to the same number of common stock shares. As of December 31, 2016, there were 2,305,742 shares of Series B preferred stock issued and outstanding which are convertible into the same number of shares of common stock.

Warrants Related to Collaboration and Consulting Agreements

In connection with the Company’s collaboration and consultant agreements and financing arrangements, the Company issues warrants to purchase shares of common stock. These warrants are fair valued at issuance date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The warrants are subject to re-measurement at each reporting period until the measurement date is reached. Expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected service period or at the date of issuance, if there is not a service period.

In 2010, the Company granted Baxter SA a warrant to purchase 139,040 new shares of common stock. During June 2015, in connection with the separation of its biopharmaceuticals business to form Baxalta Inc., Baxter SA assigned the warrant to Baxalta Inc., which is now Shire plc. The warrant was exercisable immediately after issuance and had an initial expiration date of June 30, 2015, which the Company had expected to extend. However, the extension did not occur and therefore, the warrant expired unexercised.

On December 31, 2014, SynBio was granted a warrant to purchase 204,394 new shares of common stock at an exercise price of $25.41 per share (“SynBio 2014 Warrant”). The SynBio 2014 Warrant is exercisable in four equal tranches, each with separate non-market, performance-based vesting criteria. The Company uses its judgment to assess the probability and timing of SynBio achieving these vesting criteria and estimated that it is not probable that the vesting criteria for any tranche will be achieved. As a result, the Company did not recognize expense related to this warrant during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. These judgments are reassessed at each reporting period until the measurement date is reached.

In connection with the SynBio 2014 Warrant grant, warrants to purchase 9,700 aggregate new shares of common stock were issued to SynBio and Pharmsynthez non-director designees (“SynBio Partner Warrants”) on December 31, 2014 under the same terms and conditions of the SynBio 2014 Warrant. The Company estimated that it is not probable that the vesting criteria for any trance will be achieved and, as a result, the Company did not recognize expense related to the SynBio Partner Warrants during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. The SynBio 2014 Warrant and SynBio Partner Warrants expire on December 30, 2019 and were not exercised during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.

On December 31, 2014, the Company granted Serum Institute a warrant to purchase 96,970 new shares of common stock at an exercise price of $24.41 per share (“Serum Institute 2014 Warrant”). The Serum Institute 2014 Warrant, which was fair valued at approximately $480,000 at the time of issuance, is exercisable in two equal tranches, each with separate non-market, performance-based vesting criteria. The Company uses its judgment to assess the probability and timing of Serum Institute achieving these vesting criteria and estimated that it is probable that the vesting criteria will be achieved for each tranche. These judgments are reassessed at each reporting period until the measurement date is reached.

In connection with the Serum Institute 2014 Warrant grant, warrants to purchase 4,852 aggregate new shares of common stock were issued to Serum Institute employees (“Serum Institute Partner Warrants”) on December 31, 2014 under the same terms and conditions of the Serum Institute 2014 Warrant. The Serum Institute Partner Warrants were fair valued at approximately $24,000 at the time of issuance.

On May 16, 2016, the Company modified the exercise price of 150,307 performance-based warrants held by Serum and individuals related to Serum from $25.41 to $7.92 which resulted in an incremental value expense of $204,000. Additionally, the Company issued 212,122 warrants to purchase shares of common stock to Serum with an exercise price of $7.92. The new warrants were fully vested and the Company recognized $1.37 million in research and development expense in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss related to the grants.

The Company recognized warrant expense of $1,121,466 and $706,500 during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, related to the Serum Institute 2014 Warrant and Serum Institute Partner Warrants. The Serum Institute 2014 Warrant and Serum Institute Partner Warrants expire on December 30, 2019 and were not exercised during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.

In August 2015, the Company issued a warrant to purchase approximately 25,253 shares of common stock to a consultant upon engagement of services to be provided to the Company. The warrant has a term of five years and an exercise price of $25.41. The warrant is a standalone instrument that is not puttable or mandatorily redeemable by the holder and is classified as an equity award. The Company determined that the fair value of the warrant is more reliably measurable than the fair value of the services received. As a result, the warrant was fair valued at approximately $227,000 at the time of issuance using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. As all services were completed as of December 31, 2015, the warrant expense was recognized during the year ended December 31, 2015.

Key assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model for warrants related to collaboration and consultant agreements granted during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:

Warrants Related to Financing Arrangements

In connection with the Company’s issuance of the SPA Note on July 1, 2015, the Company issued a warrant to purchase 303,031 shares of common stock in accordance with the terms of the SPA (the “SPA Warrant”). The SPA Warrant has a five-year term and is exercisable commencing January 1, 2016, at the lesser of $6.60 per share and 120% of the price per share in the Company’s next capital raise of at least $7 million (the “Exercise Price”). Pursuant to the terms of the SPA Note, if not repaid or converted on or before six months from the date of issuance, the Holder will be issued an additional warrant to purchase 303,031 shares of common stock under the same terms as the Warrant (the “Contingent SPA Warrant,” or together referred to as the “SPA Warrants”). The Company determined there was a high probability that the SPA Note would not be repaid or converted within the period six months from the date of issuance, resulting in the issuance of the Contingent Warrant. As such, the Company concluded the Contingent SPA Warrant to be considered issued and outstanding as of the SPA Note issuance date in accordance with ASC 815. The fair values of the SPA Warrants were calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The key valuation assumptions used consist of the Company’s stock price, a risk-free rate of 1.70% and an expected volatility of 125%. Using an allocation of the SPA Note proceeds between the relative fair values of the SPA Warrants and the SPA Note, the Company recorded the SPA Warrants at a value of $1.6 million on the consolidated balance sheet as equity paid-in-capital. This created a debt discount of $1.6 million that will amortize from the date of issuance through the term of the SPA Note. The SPA Note remained unpaid and unconverted six months following issuance and, therefore, the Contingent SPA Warrant was triggered and issued. As this was already recorded, no additional accounting was necessary upon the triggering event date.

In connection with the Company’s issuance of the Initial APA Note in March 2016, the Company issued a warrant to purchase 353,540 shares of common stock in accordance with the terms of the APA (the “Initial APA Warrant”) at the Exercise Price. The Initial APA Warrant has a five-year term and is exercisable commencing March 31, 2016. If the Initial APA Note was not repaid or converted on or before six months from the date of issuance, the Holder would be issued an additional warrant to purchase 353,540 shares of common stock under the same terms as the Initial APA Warrant (the “Contingent APA Warrant”). At issuance, the Company determined there was a low probability that the Initial APA Note would not be repaid or converted within the period six months from the date of issuance and, therefore, did not account for the additional warrant as issued. (The Initial APA Note was converted in April 2016.) The fair value of the warrant was calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Key valuation assumptions used consist of the Company’s stock price, a risk-free interest rate of 1.42%, an expected volatility of 135%, and no expected dividends. Using an allocation of the Initial APA Note proceeds between the relative fair values of the Initial APA Warrant and the Initial APA Note, the Company recorded the Initial APA Warrant at a value of $1.7 million on the consolidated balance sheet as additional paid-in-capital.

In connection with the Company’s issuance of each of the Period Notes (see Note 8, Hybrid Debt Instruments) during the third quarter of 2016, the Company issued immediately exercisable warrants to purchase an aggregate of 138,381 shares of common stock at the APA Exercise Price. If the Period Notes were not repaid or converted on or before six months from the date of the respective issuances, the holders will be issued additional warrants to purchase 138,379 shares of common stock under the same terms as the immediately exercisable warrants. (The Period Notes were settled in November 2016.) The Company accounted for warrants issued in connection with the Period Notes (the “Period Warrants”) as issued contemporaneous with the issuance of the associated debt instrument. The Period Warrants have five-year terms. The fair values of the Period Warrants were calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Key valuation assumptions used consist of the Company’s stock price, risk free rates between 1.00% and 1.13% and expected volatilities of 110% and 120% and no expected dividends. Using allocations of the individual Period Notes proceeds between the relative fair values of the individual Period Warrants and the Period Notes, the Company recorded the Period Warrants at an aggregate value of $0.4 million on the consolidated balance sheet as additional paid-in-capital.